Impact of Brexit on Cross-Cultural Management Practices

Effect of Brexit on Cross-Cultural Management Practices Basically break down the drawn out effect of Brexit for culturally diverse administration rehearses in Europe. Consider the effect and issues for organizations from both the UK and other EU-accomplice points of view. On 23rd of June 2016, United Kingdom (UK) had held Brexit submission in want of leaving European Association (EU) (Ford and Goodwin, 2017). The result of the submission was 51.9% of English residents casted a ballot leave EU, while 48.1% had casted a ballot to stay inside EU (Chase and Wheeler, 2017). The decision of submission to pull back from the participation of EU, will have a gigantic effect on the country’s culturally diverse relationship with the prime exchange accomplice EU. This task has been readied to basically examine the drawn out effects of Brexit for culturally diverse the board rehearses; the emphasis will be on the UK human services part and how they will be upheld to social change, (Mundasad, 2017). Following onto UK banking segment and polishing off with rundown on the effect of UK aircraft industry inside EU. This exposition will begin by a presentation in regards to about the UK’s medicinal services area which will be the principle focal point of the article; following on with brief ramifications on the UK banking segment and Low cost Airline industry. Depicting how the social insurance area will be massively affected by losing exceptionally prepared staff after Brexit, as dominant part of the attendants and specialists originate from the EU to join UK’s medicinal services segment. Moreover this exposition will break down and recognize the significant effects of cross culture the executives after Brexit. The primary three impacts of Brexit over the long haul will be concerning global staffing which incorporates: ‘immigration’,‘re-expatriation’ and ‘labour market’. These three challenges will be connected to the drawn out effects of Brexit and on the worldwide personnel shortage, this will be sponsored up with models to decipher and per ceive the questions. The word Brexit has been utilized all through media and is a media phrasing which has been utilized to show the exit of UK from EU. ‘Brexit’ has been made by consolidating two of the underlying expressions of Britain with the word leave (James, 2016). The principle question that was raised to British residents for the choice was: â€Å"Should the United Kingdom stay an individual from the European Union or leave the European Union?† (Green, 2017).â The parliament gave the choice for people in general to choose whether it is ideal to leave EU, knowing the way that the overall population had no information on the long haul effects of Brexit and how it will bring difficulties for the up and coming generations.â â One of the difficulties for Brexit that will affect the medicinal services segment is worldwide staffing that will be ‘immigration’. Before Brexit, UK was a piece of the EU and taken an interest inside the EU’s strategies corresponding to free development of individuals. This permitted the medicinal services division to enlist their workers from any nation inside EU and allowed the residents to move unreservedly among EU and UK so they could work and live in their ideal spot. The most recent insights shows that the social insurance division, has generally around 55,000 enlisted people which originate from EU nations (Fenton, 2016).â Conversely, in light of the fact that of the effect of Brexit there is a defenselessness that the benefit to opportunity of development would at present identify with the EU residents (Rankin, 2016). A considerable lot of the representatives who work inside the human services segment are classified as ‘third-nation nationals’ on their applications, these workers are mostly on a work visa in the UK. However, after Brexit things will change and a large number of these ‘third-nation nationals’ would be gigantically affected than the EU residents that work in UK (Barnard, 2017). Since of this, the consequences for worldwide staffing of ability and capacity arranging inside the human services segment happens. Realizing that the ramifications of Brexit will lead to migration issues, causing staff deficiency inside various businesses, the medicinal services area should investigate this issue and settle on various enlistment systems whether they should make or purchase the talented power. Through and through, for a short timeframe it will be best for the social insurance division to make their ability instead of purchasing. It is more brilliant for the medicinal services segment to focus on the inner work showcases after Brexit, because this will manufacture the devotion of representatives in the activity they do and giving them more prominent security with the goal that they don't fear the results of Brexit. Since the matter of Brexit emerged, the medicinal services area would regardless despite everything need to keep their staff, as larger part of these are EU national staff and are normally specialists or medical caretakers that are exceptionally gifted and qualified to serve the individuals of UK. For the human services part to stay away from any negative outcomes which will start to affect after the exchanges and understanding of Brexit, they ought to set themselves up previously with respect to taking care of the workforce and holding representatives. Another test of Brexit that impacts the human services area is ‘flexible to work market’. The which means of this is the associations have more opportunity to employ and give agreements to representatives when the requests of work increments, and they have the capacity to terminate the laborers when request of work diminishes. Then again, human services area has been in pressure commonly in light of deficiency in staff to satisfy the necessities and offering support to the residents of UK (Mundasad, 2017). Additionally, the decision of submission could provoke to having a greater number of issues than before on enlisting laborers in the social insurance segment as lion's share of these laborers are specialists and medical caretakers who are enlisted from EU countries (Triggle, 2016). When non-EU nationals apply to work inside UK, they need to follow the ‘points-based system’ which causes challenges in enrolling workers other than EU nationals (Landou, 2016). When the Brexit is settled, there will be a chance off EU’s opportunity of development to be evacuated and this could cause colossal suggestions on the human services part as this will put on limits on enlisting representatives, accordingly this will prompt a tremendous inadequacy of laborers. These suggestions will influence the limit of the representatives who bring the right aptitudes and capacities that is required by the human services segment. Accordingly, to beat this issue it will be best for the human services segment to send their workers on a worldwide task so they could create on their abilities and information. The last ramifications after Brexit for the human services segment is ‘re-expatriation’, where the association should take to thoroughly consider. The issues about opportunity of development as indicated above, British occupants who have chosen to work and live in another nation inside Europe will fear their social insurance and right to remain will evaporate post-Brexit (Carroll, 2016). Besides, British expats who work abroad inside the EU could confront challenges if the nation they’re at inquire the expats to go along and follow up on their restrictive rules concerning licenses, allows and setting up firms. Along these lines, this could cause them in losing their entitlement to work in EU nations and should increase an allowed remain to keep remaining inside the EU region due to the new strategy that may be applied after Brexit. Therefore, the impacts of worldwide staffing inside the medicinal services part will be impacted. Alternately, if all the UK expats that live and work inside EU countries are to return back to the UK following the post-Brexit, at that point it is possible that it will make it progressively hard for new expats to search for a work inside UK (Burton, 2016). Besides, the UK expats who work and live inside the EU countries are qualified with the expectation of complimentary social insurance administration yet once Brexit is finished and concurred this will be influenced and the directly with the expectation of complimentary social insurance could be removed (Parfitt, 2016). Exiles give a ton of advantages to the organizations which consolidates progressively conspicuous parent control also, the correct arrangements of aptitudes. It is accepted this supposedly provides more prominent possibilities for individual and vocation improvement. With the post-Brexit, the expats are upset on playing out their parts and assignments realizing the failure of exiles. Exactly, re-exiles will have inconveniences on changing themselves when they come back to UK. For example, after the choice and understandings larger part of the expats will be required to return back to their introduction to the world nation which will affect culture, causing an encounter of converse culture stun by getting a propensity for working also, altering their life in the outside nation they have been sent to work at (Skyes, 2011). Along these lines, this will make the social insurance division experience a colossal misfortune on joint effort and speculations on expats who are sent to work from distinctive EU nations. Generally, ‘re-expatriation’ will be a major test inside the human services part after Brexit basically taking a gander at the business and overseeing job. Also, the human services segment should investigate these long term impacts that have been referenced above and plan into the future so they could stay away from the results of overseeing worldwide staff after Brexit. Presently there will be investigation with respect to about the financial division and how Brexit will affect the culturally diverse administration style. The financial division is a major area inside the EU and UK, lion's share of the UK banks work across EU and other universal nations, for example, China and Japan as it is less expensive for non-EU nations to work together furthermore, work with EU nations instead of individual nations. The fundamental effect on the UK banking area will be in respect

Tok Presentation

For what reason did we pick this point? We feel that realizing the past is something essential †to comprehend what's going on and to forestall the â€Å"same† botches from an earlier time. In any case, there is a slight issue in our insight into past. Furthermore, that’s why we posed this inquiry: †¦.. Genuine circumstance You may be thinking†¦why did they pick this theme? Isn’t it clear that what we know truly occurred? Is it true that they are attempting to give us some dumb paranoid fears for sure? So here comes the genuine circumstance. It is no made-up circumstance on the grounds that, lamentably, it transpired as of late. I was perusing hotspots for my EE. The second source I read essentially toppled/negated my entire research question. I am expounding on a ruler in medieval Japan who brought harmony which kept going 250 years and how he achieved this harmony. As I read the subsequent source, it expressed that the one that really settled the harmony was not this ruler, however the one preceding him. With this freshly discovered data my entire EE basically self-destructed. Things being what they are, I had two opposing sources and a heap of inquiries: How it could be workable for such a repudiating sources to exist? Furthermore, how would we know which one is valid and which one isn’t? Sources Okay, presently let’s return as far as anyone is concerned of past. Where do we get it from? All things considered, there are various sources that together assist us with social occasion our recorded information. We can sort them into two gatherings: essential and auxiliary. All things considered, I trust all of you comprehend what essential and optional sources are, however on the off chance that you don’t let me state it actually quickly. Essential sources are those that were made by individuals who saw the occasions that are under examination and optional are sources, which are expand upon (dissect and decipher) essential ones. Presently, let’s attempt to cause a rundown of the sources with the goal that we to can exhibit how some of them can get untrustworthy. PrimarySecondary Diaries Journal/magazine article Pottery (physical stuff)History course reading for schools LettersBook about history InterviewsEncyclopedias SpeechesReviews Documents Photographs Now that we have a rundown of sources, we have to consider what might influence them. Those can be every one of the four of our instruments of information †recognition, feeling, reason and language. Utilizing these, we? ll give you how the sources can mirror the past not precisely. Let’s start with essential sources. What can influence them? Let’s start with composed records and journals. To start with, the essayist must see the occasion. What can turn out badly in observation? All things considered, every individual sees things specifically, as indicated by what they hope to see, as per their feelings, culture, conventions, etc. Let’s envision a fighter named Joe. Subsequent to enduring a fight he composes a letter to his significant other. I trust I don't need to make reference to that this letter will later turn into an essential hotspot for us. It comprises of numerous enthusiastic sentences about the demise of John, Joe’s companion, who passed on during the fight and there is just little data about the fight itself and its results. This gives us as of now, that Joe saw next to no from the fight, yet rather focused on what was befalling his companion (which is normal, yet for history specialists that are examining the fight rather tragic. Be that as it may, Joe depicts something from the fight. He says that their enemy‘s positions comprised of thousands of officers contrasted with their scarcely thousand. Nonetheless, different sources from a similar fight express, that the armed forces were equivalent in numbers. In this way, clearly, Joe misrepresented as individuals tend to under pressure circumstances. Be that as it may, his significant other will never know this bit of data Furthermore Joe composes that it was the foe who really incited the fight, while source composed by somebody from the opposite side expresses that is was the specific inverse. So clearly no one needs to confess to be the assailant. This was only a case of how discernment and reason can impact the given record of an occasion from an earlier time. Presently let’s watch a little video. I trust you know the person that will be appear in it ðÿ˜‰ So, what would we be able to state about certain talks of lawmakers or propagandistic movies or pictures? These additionally consider essential sources, anyway I think it is evident why they can't be entirely solid. Their motivation is to control and contort reality. For us, and for history specialists, here and there it may be difficult to recognize in the case of something is a publicity and control of realities or whether it isn't. It is fundamental for the history specialists and us to have the option to recognize what is purposeful publicity or control and what isn't. Despite the fact that such sources contain controlled data which is futile for history specialists who need to know reality, they are as yet important since they assist us with understanding the verifiable setting of that time. Besides information and authority records can likewise contain controlled data and that is much harder for us to see, since we will in general accept â€Å"official† things. To return as far as anyone is concerned issue, information on the past that we gain from essential sources can be off base, since essential sources will in general be emotional. However, there are a lot of orimary sources, which give us a goal and hence most likely precise record of the past, for example, photos, information and authority archives (in the event that they are not controlled). Barring the way that they can be deluding, without essential sources, we would be basically lost, since it is on account of them that we have probably some data about the past. Auxiliary sources: Now let’s move to optional sources. The most broadly â€Å"used† auxiliary source are students of history and reading material they compose. Students of history are significant for us, collectors of the information. Why? On the off chance that we just had essential sources, we would be lost. To begin with, they are in some cases hard to see (particularly on the off chance that they are in a language you don’t talk ðÿ™‚ and furthermore there can be overpowering number of them and we at that point probably won't have the option to recognize the significant ones from the ones that contain no important data. That’s where history specialists prove to be useful. They assemble the data, read through however many sources as would be prudent, decipher the data included and afterward compose books that ought to be justifiable for us. Be that as it may, there are a few issues. The first, perhaps not the conspicuous one, is that antiquarians don't generally get all the data they have to give a record of a specific occasion. It’s like a riddle. They have numerous pieces, however some of the time the pieces don’t fit together or there are a few pieces are absent. At that point they need to toss the oddballs and they may discover that much more pieces are absent. At that point they need to fill in the holes themselves. This â€Å"filling in the gaps† can be risky, particularly if the history specialists are one-sided. Frequently antiquarians are broadly one-sided. They have been brought up in one nation alongside its customs and culture and in this way, regardless of whether they are attempting their best, they will compose the history from their country’s perspective. Another difficult comes in understanding the essential sources. The primary hindrance for this situation is language, which may have been fairly unique around then. As much as possible, never be great. Here and there those are simply minor slip-ups that don’t matter, yet sometimes, the interpretation may be lethal. Be that as it may, we will can't be sure if the interpretation wasn't right or not. Moreover, these sources can be additionally deciphered, so we essentially get an interpretation of interpretation and the source can totally lose its unique significance. To close and return to our inquiry, despite the fact that (we trust) they are attempting to be as goal as could be expected under the circumstances, history specialists can commit errors in â€Å"filling the gaps†, in being broadly one-sided and in the interpretation of the sources. Be that as it may, their job in our insight into past is fundamental, since they put all the snippets of data into a significant entirety. Presently let’s take a gander at us. We are the beneficiaries of information. Since our own insight into past is much more restricted than the information on students of history, we are progressively inclined to making incorrectly ends from essential sources. On account of this equivalent factor, we may likewise neglect some fundamental focuses. Likewise, have you at any point pondered checking whether a specific history specialist is coming clean? Or on the other hand did you just indiscriminately thought all that he stated, on the grounds that he has the title of student of history? This is a run of the mill character blackening misrepresentation that we as a whole can make. Finally, we, comparably as history specialists, are broadly one-sided, which additionally â€Å"clouds† our thinking. Last Conclusion To close our introduction, we should now observe that we know our past just to a limited degree. It relies upon the dependability and measure of the essential and auxiliary sources that we have. We likewise should know about the predispositions or disadvantages of the essential and auxiliary sources so as to recognize the one-sided or controlled sources. Later on, we may have a superior information on past, since new and new sources are found each day. What's more, what do you think Jarka did with her EE sources? She was kinda sad from the outset, however then she chose to peruse the rest of the sources. The rest, upheld her exploration question (fortunately), so she could close (with right around 100 % conviction) which one was the one that was false. ? Likewise, essential sources fill the need of the author and were not composed to become portions of course readings later on. P. S. try not to need to reflect truth, but instead a ‘personal’ truth. Frequently we don't have composed records from laborers and lower classes, basically in light of the fact that they didn? realize how to compose, didn? t think of it as vital, useful†¦ CONCLUSION =our information on past is much of the time not the equivalent

Evaluating E-Commerce Strategy Development within Organisations Essay Example for Free

Assessing E-Commerce Strategy Development inside Organizations Essay Foundation The report about the â€Å"New Economy† has activated numerous enterprising dares to abuse on the electronic trade (online business) openings. Adventures, for example, Amazon and eBay have gotten huge media consideration and financial specialist confidence about the capability of online business. Since the smoke has settled, both administration and scholastic research have gotten intrigued on the effect of web based business on those organizations that have enhanced their physical outlets with web based business activities. A few inquires about have risen on impact of online business on authoritative methodology. Tapscott et al (1998) talks about the authoritative changes made by B2B online business and the advantages of sending internet business inside the association. O’Connell (2000) examines the impact of web based business in the hierarchical structure considering the asset based view and exchange cost hypothesis. Online business has been viewed as improving effectiveness, correspondence and bringing down expenses across business forms (O’Connell, 2000; Krovi et al., 2003; Garicano and Kaplan, 2001). Furthermore, explores have likewise indicated the impact of online business on brand the board. Wind Mahajan (2001). examine how the serious condition is changing with the expanding number of Internet clients and how the new innovation is reclassifying the commercial center. The examination introduced a calculated structure depicting the drivers and results of promoting system with regards to contending in both physical and electronic commercial center. Some portion of the development of electronic commercial center is the capacity of associations to offer exceptionally altered items to shoppers, and the ability to construct and to oversee client connections (Brown, 2000). The point of the exploration is to research the manner by which an association builds up its electronic business system after some time considering existing key methodologies and improvement found inside related writing. The examination especially investigates Marks Spencer web based business technique as the contextual analysis for the exploration. The exploration investigates how Marks Spencer has created and actualized its web based business technique. Drawing from key administration speculations, the examination explicitly centers around the how an online business system is grounded on lessening exchange cost inside the association and over the worth chain. Moreover, the examination additionally investigates the significance of relationship promoting and how web based business is giving associations the vital innovation to accomplish consistent trade of data and diminished expenses. Deliberately, the selection of internet business inside an association depends on these two significant key administration speculations. What's more, the examination is bound to the business-to-purchaser (B2C) advertise, since business-to-business (B2B) relations are every now and again described by few clients and a solid accentuation on close to home contacts among clients and sales reps as their methods for promoting correspondence. In this way, the exploration centers around how buyers see their shopping experience inside an online business webpage, especially Marks Spencer. The Overview of the Study  â â â â â â â â â â The rest of this investigation is as following proclamation:  â â â â â â â â â â Chapter 2, Literature Review, will give a compact idea and clarification of electronic trade inside retail association. The survey of related writing examines the idea and application zones of online business inside association. The audit will likewise handle the significant vital administration ideas, for example, exchange cost hypothesis and relationship promoting and how online business is empowering associations accomplish expanded productivity, improved correspondence, and lower costs over its worth chain. Section 3, Methodology, will portray the exploration plan of this examination. The exploration plan of this examination is exact research technique utilizing auxiliary information for quantitative investigation. Section 4, Results, will show the consequences of this study.â from the get go, the illustrative factual information, for example, most extreme, least and mean, on the consumer’s point of view on the diverse help properties of web based business webpage for Marks and Spencer. Part 5, Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations, the â€Å"Summary† area will initially give a far reaching rundown of the significant discoveries of this investigation. The â€Å"Conclusion† area will feature the ramifications of the exploration discoveries. At last, â€Å"Recommendations† will be proposed to help organizations to use the significance of electronic trade in their key assessment.â In next section, related inquires about in electronic business will be explored Section 2: LITERATURE REVIEW Electronic Commerce As per the International Engineering Forum, web based business is â€Å"an developing model of new selling and promoting devices in which purchasers can take an interest in all periods of a buy choice, while venturing through those procedures electronically as opposed to in a physical store or by telephone (with a physical index). (online International Engineering Forum)† E-trade empowers a client to get to item data, select things to buy, buy things safely and have the buy settled monetarily.  â â â â â â â â â â While the idea of online business as the capacity of associations or an individual to sell over the Internet is extremely well known, the examination paper will receive the meaning of Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD). Web based business can be characterized as â€Å"the aggregate of all applications that relate to online interchanges and exchange (OECD, 2000).† The definition better suit our motivation of talking about internet business with regards to key administration. The exploration sees web based business comprehensively, which envelops the correspondence among associations and client over the Internet, the culmination of one-time or on-going on the web exchanges, and e-CRM frameworks.  â â â â â â â â â â The rise of online business in the retail part is one of the most broadly received and foreseen improvement in the business. Following the achievement of Amazon, numerous physical retailers hopped into the website temporary fad and set up their online nearness in the World Wide Web. Many have embraced online business abilities out of a dread of falling behind contenders or because of the general energy to grow the utilization of a current Internet nearness. In any case, the fundamental offer for associations embracing an online nearness is the possibility of expanding income from new markets and utilizing a lower-cost, electronic-dispersion channel (online International Engineering Forum).  â â â â â â â â â â With a solid interest from associations in making an online nearness, network access suppliers (ISPs) have started to offer electronic-business facilitating administrations. ISPs frequently position as a re-appropriated specialist organization of the customers’ electronic-business capacities, dealing with the systems administration and server parts of the activities. Such administrations are significant thought for the turn out web based business locales as it permits associations to use on the aptitude of ISPs and permits associations to focus on their center organizations (online International Engineering Forum).  â â â â â â â â â â From the customer’s point of view, the principle advantage of an online business framework is the comfort it brings to buyers, who are obliged by occupied calendar and various exercises. The online business framework empowers a client to find and buy an ideal decent or administration over the Internet when the client is prepared to make the buy. Its capacity is interchangeable to a virtual store (online International Engineering Forum).  â â â â â â â â â â From the merchant’s viewpoint, the internet business framework empowers the association to exploit the qualities of online store and increment incomes. One of the key advantages of actualizing an online store is the capacity to cover more noteworthy market reach and an integral conveyance channel to its current physical stores. Be that as it may, so as to adequately actualize a web based business methodology, the web based business framework must reproduce or use existing information and business forms. The dealer must reproduce a similar shopping involvement with its online store giving in-store help, secure installment procedure, lists and costs about the items and administrations, stock administration, and exchange abilities (counting credit approval, charge calculation, monetary repayment, and delivery) (online International Engineering Forum).  â â â â â â â â â â Furthermore, internet business not just permits vendors to exploit advertise reach, yet it additionally empowers shippers to reclassify and improve an enterprise’s brand quality, client support ability, and flexibly chain productivity. A web based business website is one of the territories of an undertaking foundation that is available to clients through the Web, yet it is connected with other data arrangement of the venture esteem chain (online International Engineering Forum).  â â â â â â â â â â In actualizing a web based business website, arrangement of the fundamental framework requires an Internet association, a Web-application server and web based business application programming, and a PC for the customer. Figure 1 shows the fundamental financial drivers and application necessities of an internet business commercial center. On the purchasers side, shoppers are headed to the online retail location through commercials, intriguing highlights, required data, and registry. On the venders si

The Crucible Essay - 1375 Words

The Crucible (Essay Sample) Content: NameCourseInstructorDateThe CrucibleIntroductionLying is a complex phenomenon that every individual who has even spoken a word has engaged in. Many people consider lying wrong; however they still engage in it for different reasons. The most common reasons are to spare someones feelings, to save face, and to avoid conflict. A majority of adults admit to occasionally lying and consider it telling harmless half-truths. Most people in a relationship lie to their loved ones, especially on matters concerning money. Lying is a natural human trait that allows the liar to manipulate how others view him or her. Most lies are not meant to be hurtful, rather, they are meant to help the liar. Most people are not outright liars rather, they shade the truth to fit it in their lives and keep it from distracting their careers and personal relationships. In his play the Crucible, American playwright Arthur Miller addresses the issue of lying through the fictionalized story of the Salem Witch Trials. Most people in the Crucible are lying to both themselves and others.The CrucibleA lie is an intentional digression from the truth. In his play the Crucible, Arthur Miller shows that lying is natural for most people. People lie for many different reasons, however, at the core, they lie for selfish reasons. Miller shows the consequences of lying in the play and proves that despite how good one is in lying, the truth always catches up at some point. Whereas lying may offer some benefits to the liar, the negative consequences outweigh the positive. Lying destroys relationships and turns people against one another. Abigail Williams lies because she wants John for herself. Abigail accuses Johns wife, Elizabeth, of witchcraft. This is revealed in a conversation between Elizabeth and John. In the conversation, Elizabeth reveals that Abigail wants her dead (Miller, 59, 60). The Crucible is set in a society in which the religion and the State are one. There was no room for devi ation because witchcraft was punishable by death. People lie for self-protection. People lie because they want others to think well of them. However, many people do things that they think are less than respectable. Rather than admit their mistakes and suffer the consequences of their actions, people cover up their mistakes with lies. The most common reasons that cause people to seek self-protection through lies are to appear courageous and virtuous. People are motivated to lie because they wish to avoid punishment. Typically, when the truth is likely to elicit a harsh reaction, people are more likely to withhold the truth or tell lies. This is because people are wired to avoid pain and hurt through any means available, including lying. In the Crucible, the court officials lie out of their selfishness to save their reputation. The court officials discover that the girls have been lying to the court; however, they go along with the girls version of the truth and continue to hang peopl e. When the girls accuse John of participating in witchcraft, the court officials know that it is not true. However, instead of acquitting John of the charges, they try to get John to confess. The court officials only think of themselves and how admitting the truth will affect their lives without considering how the lies they tell affect the lives of others in the court room (Miller, 139-145).Many people lie for self-preservation. Often, people lie because if they tell the true, they are likely to get a severe response. Lying is tied to self-esteem and people lie more when they feel their self-esteem is threatened. People lie to request approval. It is the nature of human to desire approval from other. Individuals may use lies and deception top create a false impression. Lying to get approval often involves a degree of lying to oneself. For example, in a strictly religious society, such as the theocratic society in the play, men are likely to lie by being unfaithful to their wives b ecause the church recognizes monogamy. John and Abigail deceive other people about their relationship. It is clear that their relationship began early (Miller, 173-180). Although John tells Elizabeth about the affair, he continues to lie to her about his encounters with Abigail. John is caught in his lies when he reveals to his wife that Abigail is lying about the witchcraft allegations. However, instead of apologizing and admitting his mistake, John further lies to his wife and makes a mockery of her. John selfishly makes his wife suffer for his lies. John lies about his relationship to other people to protect his public image and lies to his wife to protect his ego. People also lie to regulate power, especially in a relationship. In a relationship, one of the partners has power over the other when it comes to certain issues. The partner lacking power in a particular situation is likely to lie to influence the outcome or to avoid a conflict. People lie to protect their interest and use lies as a means to achieve their ends. People lie to get both material and non-material goods, including attention from significant others. Lies are more dramatic when they involve passion. People also lie because they consider lying a sign of intelligence and cognitive skills. This is because it takes some skill to understand how things are and create an alternative version that is believable. In the play, Abigail lies to the court about Elizabeths involvement in witchcraft activities. Elizabeth is John wife and Abigail desires to be with John, something that cannot happen so long as Elizabeth is Johns wife. By accusing Elizabeth of witchcraft, Abigail desires to see Elizabeth dead. Other girls in the play manage to lie to the court officials to achieve their desires, including Tituba who lies to preserve her life. Trying to achieve one's goals is not wrong. Indeed, psychologists claim that peoples actions are guided only by self-interest even when they appear to do altruistic deeds... The Crucible Essay - 1375 Words The Crucible (Essay Sample) Content: NameCourseInstructorDateThe CrucibleIntroductionLying is a complex phenomenon that every individual who has even spoken a word has engaged in. Many people consider lying wrong; however they still engage in it for different reasons. The most common reasons are to spare someones feelings, to save face, and to avoid conflict. A majority of adults admit to occasionally lying and consider it telling harmless half-truths. Most people in a relationship lie to their loved ones, especially on matters concerning money. Lying is a natural human trait that allows the liar to manipulate how others view him or her. Most lies are not meant to be hurtful, rather, they are meant to help the liar. Most people are not outright liars rather, they shade the truth to fit it in their lives and keep it from distracting their careers and personal relationships. In his play the Crucible, American playwright Arthur Miller addresses the issue of lying through the fictionalized story of the Salem Witch Trials. Most people in the Crucible are lying to both themselves and others.The CrucibleA lie is an intentional digression from the truth. In his play the Crucible, Arthur Miller shows that lying is natural for most people. People lie for many different reasons, however, at the core, they lie for selfish reasons. Miller shows the consequences of lying in the play and proves that despite how good one is in lying, the truth always catches up at some point. Whereas lying may offer some benefits to the liar, the negative consequences outweigh the positive. Lying destroys relationships and turns people against one another. Abigail Williams lies because she wants John for herself. Abigail accuses Johns wife, Elizabeth, of witchcraft. This is revealed in a conversation between Elizabeth and John. In the conversation, Elizabeth reveals that Abigail wants her dead (Miller, 59, 60). The Crucible is set in a society in which the religion and the State are one. There was no room for devi ation because witchcraft was punishable by death. People lie for self-protection. People lie because they want others to think well of them. However, many people do things that they think are less than respectable. Rather than admit their mistakes and suffer the consequences of their actions, people cover up their mistakes with lies. The most common reasons that cause people to seek self-protection through lies are to appear courageous and virtuous. People are motivated to lie because they wish to avoid punishment. Typically, when the truth is likely to elicit a harsh reaction, people are more likely to withhold the truth or tell lies. This is because people are wired to avoid pain and hurt through any means available, including lying. In the Crucible, the court officials lie out of their selfishness to save their reputation. The court officials discover that the girls have been lying to the court; however, they go along with the girls version of the truth and continue to hang peopl e. When the girls accuse John of participating in witchcraft, the court officials know that it is not true. However, instead of acquitting John of the charges, they try to get John to confess. The court officials only think of themselves and how admitting the truth will affect their lives without considering how the lies they tell affect the lives of others in the court room (Miller, 139-145).Many people lie for self-preservation. Often, people lie because if they tell the true, they are likely to get a severe response. Lying is tied to self-esteem and people lie more when they feel their self-esteem is threatened. People lie to request approval. It is the nature of human to desire approval from other. Individuals may use lies and deception top create a false impression. Lying to get approval often involves a degree of lying to oneself. For example, in a strictly religious society, such as the theocratic society in the play, men are likely to lie by being unfaithful to their wives b ecause the church recognizes monogamy. John and Abigail deceive other people about their relationship. It is clear that their relationship began early (Miller, 173-180). Although John tells Elizabeth about the affair, he continues to lie to her about his encounters with Abigail. John is caught in his lies when he reveals to his wife that Abigail is lying about the witchcraft allegations. However, instead of apologizing and admitting his mistake, John further lies to his wife and makes a mockery of her. John selfishly makes his wife suffer for his lies. John lies about his relationship to other people to protect his public image and lies to his wife to protect his ego. People also lie to regulate power, especially in a relationship. In a relationship, one of the partners has power over the other when it comes to certain issues. The partner lacking power in a particular situation is likely to lie to influence the outcome or to avoid a conflict. People lie to protect their interest and use lies as a means to achieve their ends. People lie to get both material and non-material goods, including attention from significant others. Lies are more dramatic when they involve passion. People also lie because they consider lying a sign of intelligence and cognitive skills. This is because it takes some skill to understand how things are and create an alternative version that is believable. In the play, Abigail lies to the court about Elizabeths involvement in witchcraft activities. Elizabeth is John wife and Abigail desires to be with John, something that cannot happen so long as Elizabeth is Johns wife. By accusing Elizabeth of witchcraft, Abigail desires to see Elizabeth dead. Other girls in the play manage to lie to the court officials to achieve their desires, including Tituba who lies to preserve her life. Trying to achieve one's goals is not wrong. Indeed, psychologists claim that peoples actions are guided only by self-interest even when they appear to do altruistic deeds...

Spinal Cord Trauma - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2752 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Medicine Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Abstract Loss of sensory and motor function below the injury site is caused by trauma to the spinal cord. Approximately 10,000 people experience serious spinal cord injury each year. There are four general types of spinal cord injury, cord maceration and laceration, contusion and solid core injury. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Spinal Cord Trauma" essay for you Create order There are three phases of SCI response that occur after injury: the acute, secondary, and chronic. The most immediate concern is patient stabilization. Additionally interventions may be instituted in an effort to improve function and outcome. Through health, and future development one day there will be hope for recovery from the spinal cord injury. Introduction Loss of sensory and motor function below the injury site is caused by trauma to the spinal cord. As indicated by Huether McCance (2008) normal activity of the spinal cord cells at and below the level of injury ceases due to loss of continuous tonic discharge from the brain and brain stem. Depending on the extent of the injury reflex function below the point of injury may be completely lost. This involves all skeletal muscles, bladder, bowel, sexual function and autonomic control. In the past hope for recovery has been minimal. With medical advancements and better understanding today hope for recovery is better but still limited. Risk Factors and Incidence According to Huether McCance (2008) approximately 10,000 people experience serious spinal cord injury each year. 81% of those injuries are males with an average age of 33.4 years. As indicated by Hulsebosch (2002) the majority of injuries are divided into four separate groups; 44% of the injuries are young people sustained through motor vehicle crashes or other high energy traumatic accident; 18% are sustained through sports activities, and 24% are sustained through violence and 22% are sustained in the elderly population either through falls or cervical spinal stenosis caused by congenital narrowing or spondylosis. Categories of Injury According to Hulsebosch (2002) there are four general types of spinal cord injury: 1) cord maceration 2) cord laceration 3) contusion injury, and 4) solid cord injury. In the first two injuries, the surface of the cord is lacerated and a prominent connective tissue response is invoked, whereas in the latter two the spinal cord surface is not breached and the connective tissue component is minimal. The contusion injury represents from 25 to40% of all injuries and is a progressive injury that enlarges overtime. Cellular Level Physiology Hulsebosch (2002) gives us three phases of response directly after the injury of the spinal cord. The acute phase begins with the moment of injury and extends for the first few days. A variety of pathophysiological processes begins. There is immediate mechanical soft tissue damage, including endothelial cells of the vasculature. Cell death, resulting from mechanical forces and ischemic consequences is instantaneous. Over the next few minutes there are significant electrolytic shifts, intracellular concentrations of sodium increase. Extracellular concentrations of potassium increase. Intracellular levels of calcium increase to toxic levels that contribute to a failure in neural function. Electrolyte shifts cascade to a generalized demonstration of spinal shock, which is representative of a failure of circuitry in the spinal neural network. As indicated by Shewmon (1999) spinal shock is a transient functional depression of a structurally intact cord below the site of an acute spinal cord injury. It does not occur with slowly progressive lesions. Limited function or loss of function typically lasts two to six weeks followed by recovery of functions. The secondary phase occurs over the next few minutes to the next few weeks. Ischemic cellular death, electrolytic shifts, and edema continue. As a result of cell lysis extracellular concentrations of glutamate and other amino acids reach toxic concentrations within the first fifteen minutes after injury. Free-radical production amplifies. Neutrophils accumulate in the spinal parenchyma within 24 hours. Lymphocytes follow the neutrophils and reach their peak numbers within forty eight hours. Local concentrations of cytokines and chemokines increase as part of the inflammation process. As inflammation and ischemia proceed the injury site grows in size from the initial mechanical force response site into the area around the site, encompassing a larger region of cell death. Regeneration is inhibited by factors expressed within the dominos of responsive reactions. The chronic phase occurs over a time course of days to years. Cell death continues. The cord becomes scarred and tethered. Conduction deficits result from demyelination of the cord. Regeneration and emergence of axons is exhibited but inhibitory factors suppress any resultant growth. Alteration of neural circuits often results in chronic pain syndromes for many spinal cord injury patients. Therapeutic Management Spinal cord injury is diagnosed by physical examination, radiological exam, CT scans, MRI scans, and myelography. The most immediate concern in the management of an acute spinal cord injury is patient stabilization. The vertebral column is subject to surgical stabilization using variety of surgical rods, pins, and wires. Hardware must be meticulously placed. Surgical intervention has the potential to instigate additional spinal trauma. Hemostatic body systems must be supported through fluid resuscitation, medication management and electrolyte support. Additionally the following interventions may be instituted in an effort to improve function and outcome: Edema Reduction Reduction of the inflammatory response is one intervention of concentrating in the treatment of the acute spinal cord injury. Steroids have provided a primary tool to reduce edema and inflammation, the most successful of which is methylprednisolone (MP). According to Bracken (1993) the administration of a high dose of MP, if given within eight hours of the insult in patients with both complete and incomplete SCI, as proposed by the National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study (NASCIS-2), has been promising with respect to improved clinical outcome. The cellular and molecular mechanisms by which MP improves function may involve antioxidant properties, the inhibition of inflammatory response, and/or a role in immunosuppression. Inhibition of Inflammation: by use of Anti-Inflammatory Agents Although inflammation is generally held to be are pair mechanism that is restorative in nature, recent work has demonstrated that the inflammatory cascade produces several pathways that are degradative in nature, such as the prostagland in pathways. Anti-inflammatory agents have been administered with successful limitation of the inflammatory process. As indicated by Hains, Yucra and Hulsebosch (2001) selective cyclooxygenase (COX)-2inhibitors given systemically to spinal card injury patients have demonstrated significant improvements. Provision of inhibition of the enzyme activation sequence appears to be the safest medication action at this time. Application of either whole body hypothermia or local cord cooling appears to hold promise for those suffering from neuro trauma. Application of hypothermia, either spinally or systemically, is thought to provide protection for neural cells and to reduce secondary inflammation, decreasing immediate mortality. According to Haye s, Hsieh, Potter, Wolfe, Delaney, and Blight (1993) local spinal cord cooling within eight and a half hours of injury in ten patients produced a better-than-expected rate of recovery of sensory and motor function. Rescue from Neural Cell Death Cells die due to a programmed cell death after SCI. An excellent opportunity is present for intervention with factors that could rescue the cells at risk. As presented by Eldadah and Faden (2000) one approach to cell rescue is the inhibition of caspases. Caspases are regulated signalling proteases that that accomplish a primary role in mediating cell apoptosis thru division at specific sites within proteins. These proteins inhibit programmed cell death and are a part of the bcl-2 oncogene products. According to Shibata, Murray, Tessler, Ljubetic, Connors and Saavedra (2000) recent work has demonstrated prevention of retrograde cell loss and atrophy reduction by direct intra-spinal administration of the Bcl-2 protein into the damaged site. Another group of proteins with potential cell death inhibition properties are calpains. Calpains are calcium-activated proteases that assist in degradation of cytoskeletal demolition of injured cells. Substances with calpain inhibitor p roperties could prove of benefit in reduction of cell death. Demyelination and Conduction According to Waxman (2001) the strategy of inhibiting the neural injury induced by the increased barrage of action potentials early in the injury phase or by inhibiting the voltage-dependent sodium channels, which provide the ionic basis for the action potential may be beneficial. In addition, neural injury and disease may introduce altered ionic channel function on nerve processes that would result in impaired conduction properties, which produces persistent hyperexcitability leading to the basis for chronic pain after CNS neural trauma. As a result of secondary injury to the spinal cord many axons are demylinated. Infusion of a fast, voltage-sensitive potassium channel blocker may provide partial restoration of conduction properties to demylinated axons. As presented by Guest, Hiester and Bunge (2005) another strategy for the improvement in demyelinationis the transplantation of Schwann cells which may contribute to the restoration of myelin sheaths around some spinal axo ns. Promotion of Axonal Regeneration During development of the central nervous system, an assortment of axonal growth promoting proteins are present in the extracellular environment. The environment stimulates axon growth and neural development. Once the central nervous system is established the growth stimulating agents decline. The adult central nervous system shifts toward inhibition of axonal growth permitting a stable and circuitry. These inhibition and stimulatory factors provide an opportunity for research that will promote axonal growth after a spinal cord injury perhaps rebuilding a neural communication network. Cell Replacement Strategies After spinal cord injury function of nerve cells and cells that produce myelin that insulates and provides a positive impulse conduction venue has vanished. Cellular replacement to rebuild conduction properties is a promising therapy. As indicated by Normura, Tator and Shoichet (2006) there is promise that technology utilizing cellular treatment procedures including olfactory ensheathing cells, (the cells that form the myelin on olfactory nerves), Schwann cells (the cells that form the myelin on peripheral nerves), dorsalroot ganglia, adrenal tissue, and neural stem cells can promote repair of the injured spinal cord. It is postulated that these tissues would rescue, replace, or provide a regenerative pathway for injured adult neurons, which would then integrate or promote the regeneration of the spinal cord circuitry and restore function after injury. As indicated by Nakamura (2005) there is promise that bioengineering technology utilizing cellular treatment advances can p romote repair of the injured spinal cord. Transplantation of these cells promotes functional recovery of locomotion and reflex responses. The engineering of cells combines the therapeutic advantage of the cells along with a delivery system. For example, if delivery of neurotrophins (neuro- related to cell nerves, tropin- a turning) is desired, cells that secrete neutrophins and cells that create myelin can be engineered to stimulate axon growth and rebuild nerve function. In an effort to further enhance beneficial effects autoimmune agents such as macrophages can be extracted from the patients own system and inserted at the injury site. The patients own activated macrophages will scavenge degenerating myelin debris, rich in non-permissive factors, and at the same time encourage regenerative growth without eliciting an immune response. Retrain the Brain with Aggressive Physical Therapy It is apparent that recovery of locomotion is dependent on sensory input that can reawaken spinal circuits and activate central pattern generators in the spinal cord, as demonstrated by spontaneous stepping in the lower limbs of one patient. According to Calancie, Alexeeva, Broton and Molano (2005) it may take six or more months for reflexes to appear following acute SCI suggesting they might be due to new synaptic interconnections. Electrical Stimulation Functional electrical stimulation (FES) that contributes to improved standing can improve quality of life for the individual and the caregiver. There is considerable interest in computer-controlled FES for strengthening the lower extremities and for cardiovascular conditioning, which has met with some success in terms of physiological improvements such as increased muscle mass, improved blood flow, and better bladder and bowel function. With added benefit there are decreases in medical complications such as venous thrombosis, osteoporosis, and bone fractures. Stimulation of the phrenic nerve, which innervates the diaphragm, is used in cases where there is damage to respiratory pathways. Chronic Central Pain As indicated by Siddall Cousins (1997) pain continues to be a significant problem in patients with spinal cord injuries. There is little consensus regarding the terminology, definitions and nature of the pain. Treatment studies have lacked congruence due to inaccurate identification of pain types. There has been little progress in efforts to bring an understanding of the pathophysiology of CCP to the development of therapeutic approaches for the SCI patient population. Chronic central pain (CCP) syndromes develop in the majority of spinal cord injury patients. As indicated by Que, Siddall and Cousins (2007) chronic pain is a disturbing aspect of spinal cord injury, often interfering with basic activities, effective rehabilitation and the quality of life of the patient. Evidence that neurons in pain pathways are pathophysiologically altered after spinal cord injury comes from both clinical and animal literature. In addition, the development of the chronic pain state correl ates with structural alterations such as intra-spinal sprouting of primary afferent fibres. According to Que, Siddall and Cousins (2007) pain in the cord-injured patient is often resistant to treatment. Recognition of Chronic Central Pain has led to utilization of non-opioid analgesics. According to Siddall and Middleton (2006) Baclofen, once used exclusively in treatment of spasticity and the anticonvulsant gabapentin originally used to treat epilepsy, have had some success with attenuating muskuloskeletal CCP syndromes. The tricyclic antidepressant amitriptyline has shown effective in treatment of dysesthetic pain. Conclusion Stem cell therapy will offer hope for spinal cord injury patients with opportunities for the abundance of cell replacement strategies. Advances in the field of electronic circuitry will lead to better FES and robotic devices. Pharmacological advances offer intervention direction to aid in recovery and improve patients quality of life every day. The re-establishment of cell, nerve and muscle communication interconnections will be potentially possible. Through tenacity, health, and future development one day victims of spinal cord injury will be told there is hope of recovery. References American Psychological Association (2001). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Bracken, M.B., Holford, T.R. (1993). Effects of timing of methylprednisolone or naloxone administration on recovery of segmental and long-tract neurological function in NASCIS 2. Journal of Neurosurgery. 79(4), 500-7. Bunge, R.P., Puckett, W.R., and Hiester, E.D. (1997). Observations on the pathology of several types of human spinal cord injury, with emphasis on the astrocyte response to penetrating injuries. Adv Neurol.72, 305-315. Calancie, B., Alexeeva, N., Broton, J.G., Molano, M.R. (2005). Interlimb reflex activity after spinal cord injury in man: strengthening response patterns are consistent with ongoing synaptic plasticity. Clinical Neurophysiology : Official Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. 116(1), 75-86. Eldadah, B.A., Faden, A.I. (2000). Caspase pathwa ys, neuronal apoptosis, and CNS injury. Journal of Neurotrauma. 17(10), 811-29. Guest, J.D., Hiester, E.D., Bunge, R.P. (2005). Demyelination and Schwann cell responses adjacent to injury epicenter cavities following chronic human spinal cord injury. Experimental Neurology. 192(2), 384-93. Hains, B.C., Yucra, J.A., Hulsebosch, C.E. (2001). Reduction of pathological and behavioral deficits following spinal cord contusion injury with the selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor NS-398. Journal of Neurotrauma. 18(4), 409-23. Hayes, K.C., Hsieh, J.T., Potter, P.J., Wolfe, D.L., Delaney, G.A., Blight, A.R. (1993). Effects of induced hypothermia on somatosensory evoked potentials in patients with chronic spinal cord injury. Paraplegia. 31(11), 730-41. Huether, S.E., McCance, K.L. (2008). Understanding pathophysiology (4th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby, Inc. Hulsebosch, C.E. (2002). Recent advances in pathophysiology and treatment of spinal cord injury. Advan. Physiol.Edu. 2 6, 238-255 Nakamura, M., Okano, H., Toyama, Y., Dai, H.N., Finn, T.P., Bregman, B.S. (2005). Transplantation of embryonic spinal cord-derived neurospheres support growth of supraspinal projections and functional recovery after spinal cord injury in the neonatal rat. Journal of Neuroscience Research. 81(4), 457-68. Nomura, H., Tator, C.H., Shoichet, M.S. (2006). Bioengineered strategies for spinal cord repair. Journal of Neurotrauma. 23(3-4), 496-507. Que, J.C., Siddall, P.J., Cousins, M.J. (2007). Pain management in a patient with intractable spinal cord injury pain: a case report and literature review. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 105(5), 1462-73, table of contents. Shewmon, D.A. (1999). Spinal shock and brain death: somatic pathophysiological equivalance and implications for the integrative-unity rationale. Spinal Cord 37, 313-324 Shibata, M., Murray M., Tessler, A., Ljubetic, C., Connors, T., Saavedra, R.A. (2000). Single injections of a DNA plasmid that conta ins the human Bcl-2 gene prevent loss and atrophy of distinct neuronal populations after spinal cord injury in adult rats. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair. 14(4), 319-30. Siddall, P.J., Middleton, J.W. (2006). A proposed algorithm for the management of pain following spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 44, 67-77 Tator, C.H. (1998). Biology of neurological recovery and functional restoration after spinal card injury. Neurosurgery. 42(4), 696-707 Waxman, S.G. (2001). Acquired channelopathies in nerve injury and MS. Neurology. 56(12), 1621-7.

Criminal Justice Theories and Criminological Ideologies

For many years, people have studied the patterns and lives of serial killers in the effort to establish how theyre created. In the 1980s, the mythology of serial killers became to be known to the public through the F.B.I. and the media (Lecture, 9/8/2005). As a society, we often wonder if the idea behind serial killers is just a myth, or if in fact reality. The purpose of this argument is to analyze the serial killer myth in America and explain it through four imperative criminological theories. Through our class lectures, we have learned that, serial killers have set a particular image that is a myth. And also, serial killers are outside strangers and we need to do everything within our power to stay away from them (Lecture,†¦show more content†¦The remaining two thirds, are those who we as a society, wouldnt think twice about as being a serial killer. Lombroso labels them as, criminaloids or minor offenders, who do not show such a marked degree of diversity from normal persons (CA, 24). Lombroso strongly felt that criminals were anything but normal and lived in their own state of mind. As a result of Lombrosos theory of criminality, it has helped lay the foundation for what is known as the ‘positive school of criminology (CA, 18). Through the positive school of criminology, we have learned crime is not the result of free-will; it is ultimately due to underlying factors that the individual has absolutely no control over. If we were to analyze our breadth of knowledge and lead to believe that yes in fact the whole perception of serial killers is in fact a myth, essentially there are not any biological traits associated with a serial killer, and in no way can someone be born a criminal we would be interested in shifting our attention to that of Cesare Beccarias classical theory of crime. 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Irony in a good man is hard to find Essay Example For Students

Irony in a good man is hard to find Essay Flannery O Connors story: A Good Man is Hard to Find is the tale of a vacation gone wrong. The tone of this story is set to be one irony. The story is filled with grotesque but meaningful irony. I this analysis I will guide you through the clues provided by the author, which in the end climax to the following lesson: A Good Man is not shown good by outward appearance, language, thinking, but by a life full of good actions. The story begins with the grandmother trying to persuade the family not to travel towards Florida but perhaps go to Tennessee instead. This is based on the grounds that the Misfit, a escaped criminal is on the loose somewhere in Florida. The Ironic part of this is that the grandmother is the only family member to conceive of bad things happening to the family. She bases this solely on the fact that they were traveling in the same direction as the Misfit. This negative thinking quite possibly could have led to the eventual rendezvous between the convict and the family. The following day the family heads off to Florida. Another major point of irony happens as the story revolves around the grandmothers traditional southern values of respect for other people; especially elders, respect for your home and country. At the same moment as the grandmother is lecturing her grand kids about respecting their home state she sees a young Negro boy and says: Oh look at the cute little pickaninny! (Pg 208). Her hypocrisy becomes evident as she wants the family to do what she says not what she does. Its when the family gets ready to stop for barbecued sandwiches at Famous Sams the first of the Symbolism is the story starts to take shape. Before they reach the restaurant the grandmother points out six fenced gravestones in a field. Three adults, two kids, and one baby make six family members. This symbolizes the fact the family will die. The Tower (209) is shaped like a huge tombstone or a church foreshadowing that death is coming. The Grandmother and the restaurant owner get into a discussion about how the world is not the same place it used to be back when the Grandmother was young. They discuss how people are not as nice or good as they used to be. Its ironic how all the negative thinking done by the Grandmother draws the whole family closer to the impending doom. Next the Grandmother remembers an old plantation she visited as a young lady. She knows her son doesnt like to make side trips so she craftily says, There was a secret panel in this house (211) drawing the attention of the children which in turn persuades the father to take the trip on account of the childrens fuss making. Its ironic that every time the Grandmother opens her mouth she says something negative and for every negative thing she says the story takes a turn for the worse. As the family drives down the dirt road O Connor adds another clue to symbolism and foreshadowing. The road looked as if no one had traveled on it in months (pg 212). Such a road suggests the perfect place for escaped convicts to hide. The Grandmother realizes she has made a mistake about what state the plantation is in, she remembers it was actually in Tennessee not in Georgia. Her realization shocked the Grandmother so much that she jumped in her seat causing her cat to un-settle and claw the driver, her son. The cat caused her son to have an accident and the car to flip into the ditch. This is where all the negative thoughts and decisions made by the Grandmother climax into disaster. This part also shows how egotistical the Grandmother really is, she realizes that it is her fault they came down this road but fearing for her own emotions she decides not to tell the rest of the family. While sitting on the bank of the road trying to recuperate from the accident a car drives down the road. Three men get out of the car and once again thinking only of herself .